1.An earlier form of a word in the same language or in an ancestorlanguage. For example, Indo-European.duwo and Old English tw are etymons of Modern English two.
2.According to the linguistic family tree theory, which is commonly used in Altaistic, all modern Altaic languages have developed after their division from the Altaic ancestorlanguage.
5.the 3rd chapter focuses on language and culture, namely ,mythology ,legend, story, proverb, arts, e.g. rock painting, structure & function of funeral and marriage, nature worship, totem worship & ancestor worship and shamanism .
