convergent evolution
2.The studies of metallothionein(MT) in invertebrates including mollusca MT, echinoderm MT, annelida MT and arthropod MT(crustacea and insecta) are introduced in this review. The similarities and differences for invertebrate MT and mammalian MT are also analyzed. We suggest that the evolution of animal metallothionein may be a pattern of convergent evolution.
3.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution—the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.
4.A New Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Population Size (NGAAPS) is proposed to overcome premature convergence and slow convergent speed in the later evolution process of simple genetic algorithm.
5.In this paper, how to implement the divergent/convergent design process using the co-evolution of DM and DSM is investigated, including the divergent functional requirements solving based on DM and the convergent solution evaluation based on DSM.
6.In the proposed algorithm, the descending search theory of optimization principles is applied, so the iterative effect, only relying on quantum gate, of QEA is improved to speed up the convergent speed, and the possibility of individual retrogression in the evolution process is reduced.
7.The crustal evolution of the Nurt area includes old continental crust stage,transitional crust stage of extensional type,convergent stage,new continental crust stage and new continental crust stage developing in Mesozoic.
8.lt is proved by numerical experimentation that,fbr large scaling multi-apex and no smooth mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP),the genetic method can achieve a global solution and is superior to evolution algorithms in feasibility,stabilization and convergent speed of the solution.
